References

1. Engberding R, Bender F (1984) Identification of a rare congenital anomaly of the myocardium by two-dimensional echocardiography: persistence of isolated myocardial sinusoids. Am J Cardiol 53:1733-1734. View
2. Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, Jue K, Mohrmann R (1990) Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. a study of eight cases. Circulation 82: 507-513. View
3. Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, Attenhofer Jost C, Kaufmann PA. (2001) Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86: 666-671. View
4. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, et al. (2006) Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 113: 1807-1816. View
5. Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, et al. (2008) Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 29: 270-276. View
6. Sedmera D, Pexieder T, Vuillemin M, Thompson RP, Anderson RH (2000) Developmental patterning of the myocardium. Anat Rec 258: 319-337. View
7. Bleyl SB, Mumford BR, Thompson V, Carey JC, Pysher TJ, et al. (1997) Neonatal, lethal noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium is allelic with Barth syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 61: 868-872. View
8. Ichida F, Tsubata S, Bowles KR, Haneda N, Uese K, et al. (2001) Novel gene mutations in patients with left ventricular noncompaction or Barth syndrome. Circulation 103: 1256-1263. View
9. Vatta M, Mohapatra B, Jimenez S, Sanchez X, Faulkner G, et al. (2003) Mutations in Cypher/ZASP in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42: 2014-2027. View
10. Hermida-Prieto M, Monserrat L, Castro-Beiras A, Laredo R, Soler R, et al. (2004) Familial dilated cardiomyopathy and isolated left ventricular noncompaction associated with lamin A/C gene mutations. Am J Cardiol 94: 50-54. View
11. Shan L, Makita N, Xing Y, Watanabe S, Futatani T, et al. (2008) SCN5A variants in Japanese patients with left ventricular noncompaction and arrhythmia. Mol Genet Metab 93: 468-474. View
12. Hoedemaekers YM, Caliskan K, Majoor-Krakauer D, van de Laar I, Michels M, et al. (2007) Cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain defects in two families with non-compaction cardiomyopathy: linking non-compaction to hypertrophic, restrictive, and dilated cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 28: 2732-2737. View
13. Budde BS, Binner P, Waldmuller S, Höhne W, Blankenfeldt W, et al. (2007) Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium is associated with a de novo mutation in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene. PLoS One 2: e1362. View
14. Klaassen S, Probst S, Oechslin E, Gerull B, Krings G, et al. (2008) Mutations in sarcomere protein genes in left ventricular noncompaction. Circulation 117: 2893-2901. View
15. Dellefave LM, Pytel P, Mewborn S, Mora B, Guris DL, et al. (2009) Sarcomere mutations in cardiomyopathy with left ventricular hypertrabeculation. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2: 442-449. View
16. Luedde M, Ehlermann P, Weichenhan D, Will R, Zeller R, et al. (2010) Severe familial left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy due to a novel troponin T (TNNT2) mutation. Cardiovasc Res 86: 452-460. View
17. Hoedemaekers YM, Caliskan K, Michels M, Frohn-Mulder I, van der Smagt JJ, et al. (2010) The importance of genetic counseling, DNA diagnostics, and cardiologic family screening in left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 3: 232-239. View
18. Stöllberger C, Finsterer J (2004) Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/ noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17: 91-100. View
19. Ichida F, Hamamichi Y, Miyawaki T, Ono Y, Kamiya T, et al. (1999) Clinical features of isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: longterm clinical course, hemodynamic properties, and genetic background. J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 233-240. View
20. Pignatelli RH, McMahon CJ, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Price J, et al. (2003) Clinical characterization of left ventricular noncompaction in children: a relatively common form of cardiomyopathy. Circulation 108:2672-2678. View
21. Wald R, Veldtman G, Golding F, Kirsh J, McCrindle B, et al. (2004) Determinants of outcome in isolated ventricular noncompaction in childhood. Am J Cardiol 94:1581-1584. View
22. Fazio G, Pipitone S, Iacona MA, Marchì S, Mongiovì M, et al. (2007) The noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium: our paediatric experience. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 8: 904-908. View
23. Zuckerman WA, Richmond ME, Singh RK, Carroll SJ, Starc TJ, et al. (2011) Left-ventricular noncompaction in a pediatric population: predictors of survival. Pediatr Cardiol 32:406-412. View
24. Brescia ST, Rossano JW, Pignatelli R, Jefferies JL, Price JF, et al. (2013) Mortality and sudden death in pediatric left ventricular noncompaction in a tertiary referral center. Circulation 127: 2202-2208. View
25. Wang C, Takasaki A, Watanabe Ozawa S, Nakaoka H, Okabe M, et al. (2017) Long-term prognosis of patients with left ventricular noncompactioncomparison between infantile and juvenile types. Circ J 81: 694-700. View
26. van Waning JI, Caliskan K, Yvonne M, Hoedemaekers YM, van Spaendonck- Zwarts KY, et al. (2018) Genetics, clinical features, and long-term outcome of noncompaction cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 71:711-722. View
27. Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, Bozkurt B, Broberg CS, et al. (2019) 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 139: e698-e800. View
28. Nucifora G, Aquaro GD, Pingitore A, Masci PG, Lombardi M (2011) Myocardial fibrosis in isolated left ventricular non-compaction and its relation to disease severity. Eur J Heart Fail 13:170-176. View
29. Junga G, Kneifel S, Von Smekal A, Steinert H, Bauersfeld U (1999) Myocardial ischaemia in children with isolated ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J 20: 910-916. View
30. Jenni R, Wyss CA, Oechslin EN, Kaufmann PA (2002) Isolated ventricular noncompaction is associated with coronary microcirculatory dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 39: 450-454. View
31. Muser D, Liang JJ, Witschey WR, Pathak RK, Castro S, et al. (2017) Ventricular arrhythmias associated with left ventricular noncompaction: Electrophysiologic characteristics, mapping, and ablation. Heart Rhythm 14: 166-175. View
32. Sohns C, Ouyang F, Volkmer M, Metzner A, Nürnberg JH, et al. (2019) Therapy of ventricular arrhythmias in patients suffering from isolated left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Europace 21: 961-969. View
33. Sánchez Muñoz JJ, Muñoz-Esparza C, Verdú PP, Sánchez JM, Almagro FG, et al. (2020) Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 18: 545-552. View
34. Wan J, Zhao S, Cheng H, Lu M, Jiang S, et al. (2013) Varied distributions of late gadolinium enhancement found among patients meeting cardiovascular magnetic resonance criteria for isolated left ventricular non-compaction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15: 20. View