Table 7: Effects of polyphenolic compounds from pine bark extract on biochemical parameters in attention-deficit hyperactive disorder participants.
Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference compared to group B (p<0.05). B: baseline, before supplementation; P: placebo, 4-week supplementation with maltodextrin and magnesium stearate; PE: 4-week supplementation with polyphenolic compounds from pine bark extract; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALT: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; WBCs: white blood cells; RBCs: red blood cells; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; TIBC: total iron-binding capacity.
| B x P | B x PE | P x PE | p value |
| B | P | PE |
| Liver function |
| AST/SGOT (U/L) | 21.7 ± 8.3 | 23.7 ± 12.6 | 21.6 ± 7.7 | 0.576 | 0.914 | 0.512 |
| ALT/SGPT (U/L) | 20.6 ± 11.7 | 28.5 ± 25.2 | 18.6 ± 8.0 | 0.346 | 0.285 | 0.200 |
| Bilirubin-Total(mg/dL) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.819 | 0.396 | 0.395 |
| Kidney function |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 12.0 ± 3.0 | 13.3 ± 3.1 | 11.9 ± 2.9 | 0.121 | 0.855 | 0.097 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 0.76 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.15† | 0.164 | 0.174 | 0.008 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 0.336 | 0.479 | 0.115 |
| Sodium (meq/L) | 140.2 ± 2.0 | 139.2 ± 1.4 | 139.1 ± 0.9 | 0.093 | 0.082 | 0.821 |
| Potassium (meq/L) | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.7* | 0.201 | 0.014 | 0.152 |
| Protein nutrition status |
| Protein,total (g/dL) | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 0.211 | 0.689 | 0.747 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 0.074 | 0.431 | 0.257 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Lipid profile |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 99.3 ± 58.1 | 90.6 ± 40.0 | 78.3 ± 28.6 | 0.550 | 0.146 | 0.066 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173.9 ± 28.2 | 192.2 ± 28.0* | 184.9 ± 27.0 | 0.034 | 0.232 | 0.247 |
| HDL-Cho (mg/dL) | 55.9 ± 11.2 | 60.4 ± 10.5 | 58.7 ± 10.5 | 0.310 | 0.140 | 0.324 |
| LDL-Cho (mg/dL) | 100.1 ± 28.3 | 117.0 ± 27.6* | 111.7 ± 24.4 | 0.019 | 0.164 | 0.349 |
| T-CHO/HDL (ratio) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 0.583 | 0.902 | 0.939 |
| Hematology |
| WBC (103/μL) | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 2.0 | 0.784 | 0.884 | 0.955 |
| RBC (106/μL) | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 0.752 | 0.103 | 0.109 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | 0.509 | 0.088 | 0.077 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 40.8 ± 3.7 | 41.1 ± 4.0 | 40.2 ± 3.5 | 0.591 | 0.072 | 0.080 |
| MCV (fL) | 84.8 ± 8.5 | 84.9 ± 8.5 | 84.7 ± 8.1 | 0.881 | 0.698 | 0.626 |
| MCH (pg) | 28.0 ± 3.4 | 28.0 ± 3.4 | 28.0 ± 3.6 | 0.536 | 0.806 | 0.729 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 32.9 ± 1.1 | 33.0 ± 1.2 | 33.0 ± 1.3 | 0.850 | 0.803 | 1.000 |
| Platelet (103/μL) | 298.1 ± 155.9 | 310.0 ± 96.9 | 293.3 ± 99.4† | 0.634 | 0.835 | 0.028 |
| Neutrophil Seg. (%) | 59.5 ± 7.6 | 60.5 ± 6.6 | 59.5 ± 6.5 | 0.522 | 1.000 | 0.634 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 31.4 ± 7.1 | 30.8 ± 6.2 | 31.8 ± 6.4 | 0.718 | 0.846 | 0.618 |
| Monocyte (%) | 5.6 ± 2.0 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | 0.934 | 0.854 | 0.934 |
| Eosinophil (%) | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.090 | 0.529 | 0.465 |
| Basophil (%) | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.420 | 0.186 | 0.690 |
| Iron status |
| Iron (μg/dL) | 97.8 ± 49.1 | 85.8 ± 52.3 | 82.8 ± 45.4 | 0.503 | 0.265 | 0.783 |
| TIBC (μg/dL) | 334.2 ± 52.0 | 340.6 ± 64.9 | 340.1 ± 72.6 | 0.426 | 0.486 | 0.936 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 70.2 ± 83.5 | 62.3 ± 63.3 | 56.7 ± 53.2 | 0.331 | 0.294 | 0.380 |