Table 4: Effects of polyphenolic compounds from pine bark extract on Wechsler Memory Scale-III in in attention-deficit hyperactive disorder participants.
1Values were expressed as the mean ± SD. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference compared to group B (p<0.05). B: baseline, before supplementation; P: placebo, 4-week supplementation of maltodextrin and magnesium stearate; PE: 4-week supplementation of polyphenolic compounds from pine bark extract.
| B | P | PE | p value |
B x P | B x PE | P x PE |
Immediate memory subtests |
Word test I | word list I -recall score | 10.4 ± 3.7 | 14.1 ± 4.5 | 13.5 ± 3.4 | 0.089 | 0.051 | 0.761 |
total recall scores | 9.9 ± 3.4 | 14.0 ± 3.3* | 12.8 ± 3.4 | 0.020 | 0.088 | 0.401 |
learning ratio | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 7.4 ± 4.4 | 7.8 ± 3.5 | 0.214 | 0.068 | 0.875 |
Verbal paired associates I | total recall scores I | 10.6 ± 3.6 | 14.4 ± 1.7 | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 0.017 | 0.084 | 0.091 |
learning ratio | 9.6 ± 3.0 | 7.1 ± 2.3* | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 0.037 | 0.157 | 0.651 |
Working memory subtests |
Spatial digit Span | forward | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 0.396 | 1.000 | 0.411 |
backward | 10.5 ± 2.3 | 9.5 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 1.9 | 0.296 | 1.000 | 0.167 |
total scores | 12.1 ± 3.5 | 12.8 ± 3.3 | 13.2 ± 3.3 | 0.181 | 0.145 | 0.588 |
Auditory memory span | forward | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 11.9 ± 2.3* | 12.1 ± 1.6 | 0.049 | 0.071 | 0.756 |
backward | 12.0 ± 2.6 | 12.4 ± 2.7 | 12.4 ± 2.9 | 0.506 | 0.602 | 0.846 |
Delay memory subtests |
Word test II | recognition test | 10.0 ± 3.0 | 10.6 ± 2.0 | 11.3 ± 2.8 | 0.404 | 0.290 | 0.759 |
retention (%) | 9.8 ± 2.9 | 11.7 ± 2.2 | 9.5 ± 3.0 | 0.103 | 0.750 | 0.058 |
Verbal paired associates II | retention (%) | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 9.7 ± 2.8 | 9.5 ± 2.0 | 0.224 | 0.184 | 0.934 |