Table 4: Effects of polyphenolic compounds from pine bark extract on Wechsler Memory Scale-III in in attention-deficit hyperactive disorder participants.
1Values were expressed as the mean ± SD. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference compared to group B (p<0.05). B: baseline, before supplementation; P: placebo, 4-week supplementation of maltodextrin and magnesium stearate; PE: 4-week supplementation of polyphenolic compounds from pine bark extract.
B P PE p value
B x P B x PE P x PE
Immediate memory subtests
Word test I word list I -recall score 10.4 ± 3.7 14.1 ± 4.5 13.5 ± 3.4 0.089 0.051 0.761
total recall scores 9.9 ± 3.4 14.0 ± 3.3* 12.8 ± 3.4 0.020 0.088 0.401
learning ratio 9.4 ± 2.2 7.4 ± 4.4 7.8 ± 3.5 0.214 0.068 0.875
Verbal paired associates I total recall scores I 10.6 ± 3.6 14.4 ± 1.7 13.3 ± 2.6 0.017 0.084 0.091
learning ratio 9.6 ± 3.0 7.1 ± 2.3* 8.1 ± 2.7 0.037 0.157 0.651
Working memory subtests
Spatial digit Span forward 9.8 ± 2.4 9.2 ± 1.3 9.6 ± 2.2 0.396 1.000 0.411
backward 10.5 ± 2.3 9.5 ± 2.0 10.5 ± 1.9 0.296 1.000 0.167
total scores 12.1 ± 3.5 12.8 ± 3.3 13.2 ± 3.3 0.181 0.145 0.588
Auditory memory span forward 10.9 ± 2.5 11.9 ± 2.3* 12.1 ± 1.6 0.049 0.071 0.756
backward 12.0 ± 2.6 12.4 ± 2.7 12.4 ± 2.9 0.506 0.602 0.846
Delay memory subtests
Word test II recognition test 10.0 ± 3.0 10.6 ± 2.0 11.3 ± 2.8 0.404 0.290 0.759
retention (%) 9.8 ± 2.9 11.7 ± 2.2 9.5 ± 3.0 0.103 0.750 0.058
Verbal paired associates II retention (%) 11.2 ± 1.7 9.7 ± 2.8 9.5 ± 2.0 0.224 0.184 0.934